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Risk Score

Every lending market receives a deterministic risk score from 0 to 100. The score is computed from observable on-chain metrics and protocol characteristics. Same inputs always produce the same score. Lower scores indicate lower risk; higher scores indicate higher risk.

Factors

The risk score incorporates multiple factors, each capturing a different dimension of market risk.
FactorWhat It Captures
Protocol maturityTrack record and battle-testing of the lending protocol
TVL depthMarket size and available liquidity
UtilizationRatio of borrowed to supplied assets — higher utilization means less exit liquidity
ConcentrationHow concentrated deposits are among a small number of wallets
Collateral typeInherent risk characteristics of the collateral asset (volatility, liquidity, depeg history)
Chain riskSecurity and maturity of the underlying blockchain
These factors are combined into a single composite score. The relative importance of each factor is calibrated to reflect real-world risk dynamics.

Utilization Regimes

Utilization is the single most important real-time risk indicator. Markets behave differently at different utilization levels.
RegimeUtilizationImplication
HealthyBelow 70%Normal operation. Interest rates follow predictable models. Ample exit liquidity.
Elevated70% – 85%Rates climbing. Borrow demand is strong. Exit liquidity thinning.
Critical85% – 93%Withdrawal risk increasing. Rate spikes likely. Suppliers should monitor closely.
EmergencyAbove 93%Withdrawals may fail or be delayed. Severe rate spikes. Protocol intervention likely.

Strategy Classification

Circular classifies lending markets by their yield strategy. Each strategy carries a distinct risk profile.
StrategyDescriptionRisk Profile
stable-yieldStandard lending of stablecoins (USDC, USDT, DAI)Lowest risk. Returns driven by borrow demand.
lst-deltaLending against liquid staking tokens (wstETH, rETH, cbETH)Low-moderate. Risk comes from LST depeg scenarios.
recursiveLooped leverage strategies where collateral and loan are correlatedModerate-high. Leverage amplifies both returns and liquidation risk.
governanceLending against governance or utility tokensHigher risk. Collateral volatility is significant.

Relationship to Credit Ratings

Risk scores are one input to the broader credit rating system. Specifically, they feed into the Market Risk dimension of Circular’s AAA-D credit ratings. Credit ratings additionally incorporate collateral quality, oracle reliability, and concentration risk for a more complete assessment. See the Credit Ratings page for details.